The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign languages, culture and language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture and adopts the culture of foreign language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, and teaching foreign language are put forward.

The Shemshak Formation with a thickness of 2080 meters is well-exposed in NE of Jajarm city. In this study, palynolomorphs are identified for the first time and 50 terrestrial palynomorh taxa were identified, in which 29 species of spore allocated to 21 genera and 17 species of pollen to 13 genera. On the basis of stratigraphic distribution of palynomorphs three biozones were recognized and based on the above mentioned biozones the Rhaetian -Lower Bajocian age is suggested for the Shemshak Formation in Jajarm area.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

Aim and Background: The Following outbreak of the corona virus pandemic on December 12, 2019 and the declaration of a state of emergency by the World Health Organization, all researchers and researchers focused on dealing with this virus. opinion to scientists, one of the solutions to deal with the spread of the corona virus was to cut off the chain of transmission through disinfection and disinfection of high-traffic places such as airports, passenger terminals, subway stations with chemicals. Therefore, the World Health Organization presented the disinfection of high-traffic places and urban gathering points in its guidelines. The purpose of this research project is to study the disinfection power of chlorine dioxide solution in the concentrations provided by the manufacturer on spore-bearing and non-spore-bearing bacteria in order to introduce a safe and efficient disinfectant to be used against the corona virus. Materials and Methods: In this study, which is descriptive, the disinfection power of chlorine dioxide solution on Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria at concentrations of 1. 100, 1. 400, 1. 800 and 1. 1000 in 10 and 20 and 30 minutes were studied in three culture mediums: Blood agar, MHA and EMB. Also, the disinfecting power of the mentioned solution on Bacillus subtilis spore bacteria in concentrations of 1. 400, 1. 500, 1. 600 and 1. 700 for a period of 30 minutes and in tryptic broth medium was investigated. The results were analyzed by SPSS version 21 software. Results: Based on the results, the chlorine dioxide solution in all the desired dilutions destroys Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria in 20 minutes. Also, chlorine dioxide only at a dilution of 1. 400 and a duration of 30 minutes caused the destruction of Bacillus subtilis spore bacterium. Conclusion: In this study, vital information was provided in the field of effective disinfection strategy of chlorine dioxide against spore-forming and non-spore-forming bacteria with different dilutions, which can be used in different dimensions for disinfection of high-traffic urban areas.

This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate efficacy of applying 4 different formulations of Beauveria Bassiana (BB) fungus spore to combat Hyalomma ticks. Formulations used included: 1) Distilled water with 2% Tween and BB; 2) Distilled water with 10% cottonseed oil, 0.01% sucrose, 0.2% tween and BB; 3) Distilled water with 10% liquid paraffin, 0.01% sucrose, 0.2% tween and BB, and distilled water as the control group. Concentration of 1.76×108 was used in preparing formulations. The four prepared formulations were equally sprayed on 128 engorged mature ticks, in 4 groups. Number of dead tick due to spray of formulations were counted in the following days. Treatment effect on mortality of ticks, was assessed using time-survival analysis.9 days after spraying different formulations, it was found that formulation containing BB fungus had eliminated 50 to 55% of the ticks. Due to the fatality of 55 percent Hyalomma ticks in this research, it can be hoped that in the future with further research, oil suspension containing BB fungus can be used to combat Hyalomma ticks.

Introduction: According to the applications of gold nanoparticle in electronic and medicine, green biological synthesis methods for gold nanoparticle synthesis are considered. Different biological methods cause variant types of metal nanoparticles. Enzymes are one of the powerful tools in this approach. In this study, the role of tyrosinase in gold nanoparticle synthesis was studied by spore displayed tyrosinase.Materials and methods: Bacillus subtilis spore displayed tyrosinase developed in our previous work, was used as an enzyme source for synthesis of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs). X-ray diffraction technique and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanoparticles. To confirm the role of enzyme in AuNPs synthesis, two types of tyrosinases from Bacillus megaterium and Streptomyces also were studied.Results: The results revealed that AuNPs were produced due to reducing Au3+ to Au0 by spore displayed tyrosinase. These biogenic nanoparticles showed mixed structures including spherical, triangular and hexagonal with the approximate size 2.5 to 35 nm. Furthermore, purified Bacillus megaterium tyrosinase and Streptomyces tyrosinase also produced AuNPs.Discussion and conclusion: The supposed mechanism of Au nanoparticle synthesis by tyrosinase, is electron transferring from copper ions to Au3+. The results represent a green environmental friendly simple method in synthesis AuNPs by spore displayed tyrosinase.

In the present study, the pathogenicity of spores/crystals produced byBacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (HD-1) in different culture media within fermented and non fermented conditions were determined against the second larval instar of Ephestia kuehniella L. The colony forming unit (CFU), spore count, optical density (OD) and cell mass indices in enriched and non-enriched liquid media of fermented condition after 96 h cultivation were (28.2 × 1014 CFU.mL -1, 11.8 × 1010 spore.mL -1, 28.0 × 108 mg.mL-1 and 11.0 g.L-1) and (26.6 × 1014 CFU.mL -1, 10.0 × 1010 spore.mL -1, 24.4 × 108 mg.mL-1 and 9.9 g.L-1), respectively while those were found to be (18.1 × 1014 CFU.mL -1, 8.1 × 1010 spore.mL -1, 16.4 × 108 mg.mL-1 and 8.9 g.L-1) and (16.8 × 1014 CFU.mL -1, 7.4 × 1010 spore.mL -1, 15.6 × 108 mg.mL-1 and 7.9 g.L-1) in non-fermented condition, respectively. The LC50 value of Btk spore/crystal cultured on enriched and non-enriched liquid media for 96h cultivation in fermented condition after 2 days treatment against larval instar were obtained (0.9 and 3.0) and in non-fermented condition (1.5 and 4.2) µg.mL-1, respectively.The LT50 value in fermented condition (6.2 and 10.7) and in non-fermented condition (7.2 and 12.6) h were, respectively. Bioassay studies indicated that the Btk spore/crystal suspention cultured on enriched and non-enriched media in fermented condition for 96h cultivation after 2 days treatment had (61.0 and 46.6-%) and in non-fermented condition (53.3 and 38.6%) mortality, respectively. The results confirm that enriched culture medium in fermented conditions produced the highest amount of spores and crystals and thus increased bacterial toxicity on the second larval instar of E. kuehniella after treatment.

Background and objective: Growth of beneficial probiotics is attributed to their tolerance to stress factors while most probiotics have a relatively short and unstable shelf life. Bacillus coagulans, an economically important spore-forming species, is becoming increasingly remarkable in field of probiotics for the decrease of harmful effects of processing and environment conditions on the survival of bacterial cells and to assure their functionality in the human body. The aim of this review was to explore scientific research on therapeutic, functional and biosafety properties of Bacillus coagulans as a novel probiotic. Results and conclusion: Many scientific literatures have been published on the use of health promoting Bacillus spores in foods. Bacillus coagulans mostly includes several health benefits of non-spore forming probiotics and is able to tolerate heat and stressful requirements of food processing as well as gastrointestinal tract conditions. Considering specific characteristics of spore-forming probiotics, Bacillus coagulans demonstrates a promising potential in production of probiotic foods.